Prisoner’s Dilemmas, Cooperative Norms, and Codes of Business Ethics

Prisoner's dilemmas can lead rational people to interact in ways that lead to persistent inefficiencies. These dilemmas create a problem for institutional designers to solve: devise institutions that realign individual incentives to achieve collectively rational outcomes. I will argue that we do not always want to eliminate misalignments between individual incentives and efficient outcomes. Sometimes we want to preserve prisoner's dilemmas, even when we know that they systematically will lead to inefficiencies. No doubt, prisoner's dilemmas can create problems, but they also create opportunities to practice the cooperative norms that make market institutions possible in the first place. An ethical market culture, I argue, benefits from the presence of prisoner's dilemmas. I first consider standard approaches for solving prisoner's dilemmas. I then argue for the value of prisoner's dilemmas. Finally, I show the significance of this argument for advocating codes of business ethics.     

崇拜意识与礼法文化

崇拜作为一种宗教的原始形式,它与中国古代法文化有着千丝万缕的联系。崇拜意识对中国古代法文化的影响主要表现在两个方面：崇拜意识的内化体现在立法原则上——以礼入法,崇拜意识的外化体现在司法活动中——经义断狱。     

Adapted or standardized copy: Is non-cultural English the answer?

International advertisers often wonder whether to adapt their copy to each country they operate in or to globally standardize their message, especially in non-Anglophone markets. While the current business lingua franca is English, how easily can it be introduced into advertising without alienating consumers, and would a simpler English message work better? Does the culture of a brand also influence the impact of English use in non-Anglophone markets? This research examines the interaction between language choice and brand culture in a non-Anglophone market. Specifically, the studies review the value of Globish, a non-cultural form of English. The results suggest that using standardized English copy has relevance in non-Anglophone countries for global brands, but that Globish can also be useful for local brands seeking to upgrade their value in a local market. Globish is shown to be an interesting alternative option in adapting or standardizing advertising strategies. Managerial implications close the paper.     

Marking your trade: Cultural factors in the prolongation of trademarks

Trademarks protecting the brand name and associations are crucial in a brand's strategy, but little is known about the factors that determine a trademark's prolongation. To explain the prolongation of trademarks, the research estimated a multilevel hazard model accounting for trademark characteristics, firm's characteristics, and firm's country of origin national culture. The dataset comprises a census of 2911 trademarks in the US software security industry across an eight-year period, belonging to firms originating from 11 countries. The results indicate that a firm's culture of origin has a systematic effect on the types of trademark the firm is more likely to prolong and on the length of the prolongation. The age of the trademark, the number of categories where a particular trademark is present, and the age of the firm increase the likelihood of a trademark's prolongation. Larger and more innovative firms tend to terminate their trademarks earlier.     

浅析文化企业人力资源创新——基于美术文化企业人力资源管理现状分析

竞争日益激烈的文化市场竞争使越来越多的文化企业尤其是美术文化企业开始意识到仅仅重视文化本身和营销并不能使其保持优势,只有将人力资源与企业本身结合,才能衍生出企业独特的优势。本文试图通过美术文化企业人力资源管理的现状,探讨人力资源管理在企业中的作用,并探讨实现人力资源最优化的创新策略。     

基于动漫开发的客家文化旅游开发研究

客家文化旅游在"客家热"和文化旅游背景下蓬勃发展。本文分析了客家文化旅游发展历程、开发特征及客家文化旅游产品开发存在的问题,阐述了客家文化旅游动漫产品开发的主要特征及开发意义,从客家文化旅游动漫的开发内容、产品营销、衍生产品开发及动漫产业链构建的角度提出了客家文化旅游动漫产品开发的构想。     

基于社会责任和合法性视角的民营企业文化建设

民营企业文化建设是管理理论界一直关注的管理理论问题,也是民营企业管理者不断探索的管理实践问题。基于企业社会责任理论和合法性理论,本文分析了民营企业文化建设的现存问题,并提出了指导性的政策建议。     

非正式机制在预防犯罪中的应用

我国重视采取正式机制来预防犯罪，却忽视了非正式机制预防犯罪的重要作用，与此相应的是犯罪愈来愈成为难以解决的社会问题。单纯依靠正式机制很难有效地抑制犯罪行为的发生，而非正式机制在这方面则有着难以估量的作用。在犯罪预防中应重视对非正式机制的运用，主要从加强传统文化教育、注重利用媒体介质、加强道德教育等方面入手。     

International mergers and acquisitions in the UK 1985-94: a comparison of national HRM practices

The paper investigates HRM practices adopted by companies from the USA, Japan, Germany and France in UK companies that they have acquired. UK/UK acquisitions are used as a control. The research is based on a survey instrument applied to 201 companies and interviews with forty. It notes that there is some convergence of HRM practices, in that, for example, all countries researched employ performance-related pay and increase the amount of training in their new subsidiaries. It finds, however, that there is a distinct difference in the HRM practices employed by companies from each of the countries, influenced by the characteristic HR practices common to companies in the country of origin of the parent.     

日本江户锁国时期饮食文化刍议

饮食文化是一国文化的重要组成部分,它在漫长的历史演进中逐渐积累而成,具有深深的历史与时代烙印。日本传统饮食文化最终形成于江户时代。具体是在德川家康建立江户幕府,实行＂锁国＂政策后,日本在没有强大外来文化的影响下,逐步发展本国的特色文化,也促进了日本传统料理的最终完成。在实现日本传统饮食文化的发展与繁荣方面,＂锁国＂具有一定的正面效果。